Overview
Urological cancers occur in different organs, and each differs in its course, diagnosis and treatment. Some cause no symptoms early on and may be found during tests carried out for other reasons.
The treatment plan depends on the type and stage of the cancer, general health and personal preferences. Where needed, care involves other specialties such as medical oncology and radiation oncology.
When to seek a consultation
- Blood in the urine
- A kidney mass found on imaging done for another reason
- A hard area or swelling in a testicle
- A raised PSA level
- Unexplained flank pain or urinary symptoms
Assessment
Assessment may include an examination, blood and urine tests, imaging such as ultrasound, CT or MRI and, where needed, an endoscopic examination of the bladder (cystoscopy) or a biopsy. A definite diagnosis is usually made by examining tissue.
Treatment options
Treatment options vary according to the type and stage of the cancer. For some early, slow-growing cancers, active surveillance may be an option. Surgery, endoscopic procedures, drug treatments and radiotherapy may be considered alone or in combination.
The suitable treatment is agreed together with the patient once all test results have been reviewed.
Benefits, limitations and risks
The aim, possible benefit and side effects of cancer treatment differ by type of treatment. Regular follow-up is needed after treatment. No treatment can guarantee a particular result; options should be discussed openly together with their benefits and risks.
Frequently asked questions
Does blood in the urine mean cancer?
Not always; it can have other causes such as infection or stones. It should always be assessed to find the cause.
Does every urological cancer need surgery?
No. Treatment depends on the type and stage of the cancer; in some cases active surveillance or non-surgical treatments may be appropriate.