Prostate conditions

The prostate is a gland in men that lies just below the bladder and surrounds the urethra. Non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia, BPH) is common with age and can cause urinary symptoms.

Prostate inflammation (prostatitis) can cause pain and urinary symptoms. Early prostate cancer often causes no symptoms; decisions about testing are made taking into account age, family history and personal preferences.

Assessment may include questions about your symptoms, a physical examination (including a digital rectal examination if needed), a urine test and blood tests including PSA. Ultrasound, urine flow measurement and, where needed, further tests such as MRI or biopsy may be requested.

For prostate enlargement, treatment is planned according to how symptoms affect quality of life. For mild symptoms, monitoring and lifestyle advice may be enough; medication is a common option. If medication does not help enough or complications develop, surgical options such as endoscopic procedures through the urethra may be considered.

When prostate cancer is suspected, the approach depends on test results and the stage of the disease.

Medicines can have side effects such as dizziness or changes in ejaculation. Surgery carries risks such as bleeding, infection, urinary leakage or changes in sexual function. The suitable option is decided by weighing these benefits and risks together.